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Roman Denarius

The teachings of Jesus about money are always mixed up with political power. Of all the sayings of Jesus, the words, "Then render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's," (Matthew 22:15-22; Luke 20: 19-26) demonstrate clearly that money is always more than a matter of personal morality.

This is a story about taxation and authority. It gets to the heart of the matter about the relationship of religion and government. It raises the question: Do believers obey God or the government?

This episode shows that Jesus was a watched man. Throughout the gospel narratives, Jesus had several groups of people from the ruling class who followed him around, listening and looking carefully for anything they could use to turn him over to the Roman authorities. The focus of the trap concerns paying taxes to the emperor.

From the time of the Roman conquest of Palestine in 6 C.E., Rome demanded and collected direct taxes from the people. Government officials collected land taxes, a "poll" on each person, taxes on personal property, and taxes on the transport of goods. The question to Jesus concerns the payment of the poll tax.

The occupied people of Palestine hated paying taxes to their Roman occupiers. The people considered themselves oppressed people under military occupation. From time to time, various messianic and revolutionary groups formed in opposition to the Roman occupiers and the Jewish collaborators. Occasionally, an open rebellion broke out and was quickly crushed by the ruling powers.

These revolutionary groups regarded any collaboration with the hated Roman occupiers as treason to God. Refusal to pay the Roman taxes was an act of defiance against the oppressors and an act of allegiance to God.

When these various collaborators with Rome ask Jesus about paying the temple tax, they are looking for evidence that he is one of the revolutionaries, so that they can hand him over to the authority of Pontius Pilate, the chief Roman authority.

During the time of Jesus, several types of coins were commonly used. The Romans minted their own silver coins in Rome and other imperial mints. One of these Roman coins was the denarius, which was the accepted daily wage for a common laborer. The Roman coins had an image of the emperor on the front side of the coin. The coin handed to Jesus was probably the silver denarius bearing the image of Caesar Augustus.

By asking whose image and inscription are on the coin, Jesus successfully avoids the trap. When his questioners identify Caesar, Jesus says, "Render to Caesar what belongs to Caesar." In other words, he says, "Pay the tax." He is not openly advocating civil disobedience against the Roman authorities on the matter of taxation--a stance which would have given the Romans immediate cause to arrest him.

Although Jesus avoided the trap in the story, Christian history has used these words to draw a line between church and state. The most notable is Martin Luther's theology of "The Two Kingdoms." The church would administer the spiritual realm, while worldly governments would rule the secular realm. Although Luther's theology was more complicated than this, it led to the idea that believers owed allegiance and obedience to the worldly ruler on matters concerning government.

In a situation with many similarities to the Jewish Revolt against Rome, which began in 66 C.E., the German peasants rebelled in the Peasants' War, 1524-26. They thought that Luther's stance supported their cause. However, in one of the most controversial decisions of his life, Luther invoked the "Two Kingdoms theology" to condemn the revolt, based on the idea that the political leadership was ordained by God to rule on Earth. The revolt failed, and reinforced the long-standing belief that human beings owe allegiance on Earth to their human rulers.

During the Nazi era, most Christian churches in Germany maintained this separation between church and state. The church ruled on spiritual matters. The government ruled on secular matters. Only a few churches, known as the Confessing Church, defied Hitler's claim to power, with predictable results. Many died for opposing the power of the government.

The words of Jesus managed to get him off the hook in the story. However, the legacy of these words, "Render to Caesar what belongs to Caesar," leads to complex and difficult questions about the power of governments and the allegiance of believers. What the Bible says about money is never simply a matter of quoting the teachings of Jesus without understanding the larger political context of the story.

Kalinda Rose Stevenson, Ph.D. What if most of what you believe about the teachings of Jesus about money is not true? Don't let Bible study lessons based on mistranslations and biblical urban legends fill you with guilt and confusion about what the Bible says about money. I have written a book about 8 sayings of Jesus, Going Broke With Jesus:How Heroic Stories Intended To Liberate The Poor Become Biblical Urban Legends About The Evils Of Money to show how often Christian teaching misunderstands the true intentions of the teachings of Jesus about money. Get your copy at www.GoingBrokeWithJesus.com.

Coins of Ancient Rome: Denarius, Roman Republican Currency, Peace Symbols, Roman Currency, Byzantine Coinage, Sestertius, Solidus $18.72 Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Denarius, Roman Republican Currency, Roman Currency, Byzantine Coinage, Sestertius, Coinage of the Social War, Solidus, Roman Procurator Coinage, As, Fourre, Denarius of L. Censorinus, Judaea Capta Coinage, Orichalcum, Talent, Roman Imperial Currency, Nummus, Aureus, Barbarous Radiate, Aes Grave, Antoninianus, Follis, Dupondius, Aes Rude, Spintria, Quintus Pomponius Musa, Prutah, Siliqua, Quadrans, Reka Devnia Hoard, Aes Signatum, Double Sestertius, Victoriatus, Uncia, Tremissis, Quadrigatus, Cistophorus, Quincunx, Quinarius, Dodrans, Dacicus, Scrupulum, Argenteus, Semis, Miliarense, Gnaeus Lucretius, Lucius Lucretius, Triens, Centenionalis, Semuncia, Sextans, Bes, Triumvir Monetalis. Excerpt: Circulating currenciesCommunity currencies Fictional currencies Coinage came late to the Roman Republic compared with the rest of the Mediterranean, especially Greece and Asia Minor where coins were invented in the 7th century BC. The currency of central Italy was influenced by its natural resources, with bronze being abundant (the Etruscans were famous metal workers in bronze and iron) and silver ore being scarce. The coinage of the Roman Republic started with a few silver coins apparently devised for trade with the Greek colonies in Southern Italy, and heavy cast bronze pieces for use in Central Italy. During the Second Punic war a flexible system of coins in bronze, silver and (occasionally) gold was created. This system was dominated by the silver denarius, a denomination which remained in circulation for 450 years. The coins of the republic (especially the denarii) are of particular interest because they were produced by "mint magistrates", junior officials who choose the designs and legends. This resulted in the production of coins advertising t... More: http://booksllc.net/?id=652967

An Essay on the Roman Denarius and English Silver Penny: Shewing Their ... $24.74 This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curated for quality. Quality assurance was conducted on each of these books in an attempt to remove books with imperfections introduced by the digitization process. Though we have made best efforts - the books may have occasional errors that do not impede the reading experience. We believe this work is culturally important and have elected to bring the book back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide.

Essay on the Roman Denarius and English Silver Penny : Shewing their ... $32.17 No Synopsis Available

Essay on the Roman Denarius and English Silver Penny : Shewing Their ... $28.27 No Synopsis Available

Roman Currency $74.88 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles The Roman currency during most of the Roman Republic and the western half of the Roman Empire consisted of coins including the aureus (gold), the denarius (silver), the sestertius (bronze), the dupondius (bronze), and the as (copper). These were used from the middle of the third century BC until the middle of the third century A.D.They were still accepted as payment in Greek influenced territories, even though these regions issued their own base coinage and some snake in other denominations, either called Greek Imperial or Roman provincial coins. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Timpledon, Miriam T./ Marseken, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 124 Publication Date: 2010/06/11 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.29 inches

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Debasement by Avery, Iustinus Tim [Paperback] $89.22 Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Debasement is the practice of lowering the value of currency. It is particularly used in connection with commodity money such as gold or silver coins. A coin is said to be debased if the quantity of gold, silver, copper or nickel is reduced. For example, the value of the denarius in Roman currency gradually decreased over time as the Roman government altered both the size and the silver content of the coin. Originally, the silver used was nearly pure, weighing about 4.5 grams. From time to time, this was reduced. During the JulioClaudian dynasty, the denarius contained approximately 4 grams of silver, and then was reduced to 3.8 grams under Nero. The denarius continued to shrink in size and purity, until by the second half of the third century, it was only about 2 silver, and was replaced by the argenteus Author: Avery, Iustinus Tim Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 108 Publication Date: 2011/04/15 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.26 inches

Bullion Coins: Gold Coins, Silver Coins, Denarius, Krugerrand, Napoleon, American Silver Eagle, Libertad, Constantine Ruble $38.76 Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Gold Coins, Silver Coins, Denarius, Krugerrand, Napoleon, American Silver Eagle, Libertad, Constantine Ruble, Canadian Gold Maple Leaf, Morgan Dollar, Canadian Silver Maple Leaf, Liudhard Medalet, Junk Silver, Solidus, Bracteate, Chinese Silver Panda, Maria Theresa Thaler, Mancus, Vreneli, Gold Dinar, German Gold Mark, American Gold Eagle, Ducat, Islamic Gold Dinar, Australian Gold Nugget, Chinese Gold Panda, Bullion Coin, Miliaresion, Florin, Hyperpyron, Aureus, Bezant, Koban, Friedrich D'or, Kreuzer, America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins, Columnarios, Kijang Emas, Doubloon, Sequin, Hexagram, Spur Ryal, Australian Silver Kookaburra, Centenario, Reka Devnia Hoard, Augustalis, Platinum Coin, Palladium Coin, Moidore, Kelantanese Dinar, Biatec, Ireland 1996 25 Euro Coin, Ake, Grosso of Venice, Ireland 1990 50 Ecu Coin, Ireland 1995 Commemorative 1 Pound Coin, Miliarense, Ying Yuan, Histamenon, Ashrafi, Diobol, Sultani, Mexican Silver Libertad, Mexican Gold Libertad. Excerpt: The American Silver Eagle is the official silver bullion coin of the United States. It was first released by the United States Mint on November 24, 1986. It is struck only in the one-troy ounce size which has a nominal face value of one dollar and is guaranteed to contain one troy ounce of 99.9% pure silver. It is authorized by Title II of Public Law 99-61 (Liberty Coin Act, approved July 9, 1985) and codified as 31 U.S.C. 5112(e)-(h). Its content, weight, and purity are certified by the United States Mint. In addition to the bullion version, the United States Mint has produced a proof version and an uncirculated version for coin collectors. The Silver Eagle has been produced at three mints: the Philadelphia Mint, the San Francisco Mint, and the West Point Mint. Th... More: http: //booksllc.net/?id=1697349

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Edict on Maximum Prices $122.67 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles The Edict on Maximum Prices (also known as the Edict on Prices or the Edict of Diocletian; in Latin Edictum De Pretiis Rerum Venalium) was issued in 301 by Roman Emperor Diocletian. During the Crisis of the Third Century, Roman coinage had been greatly debased by the numerous emperors and usurpers who minted their own coins of decreasing true metallic value to pay soldiers and public officials. Earlier in his reign, as well as in 301 around the same time as the Edict on Prices, Diocletian issued Currency Decrees, which attempted to reform the system of taxation and to stabilize the coinage. It is difficult to know exactly how the coinage was changed, as the values and even the names of coins are often unknown. All coins in the Decrees and the Edict were valued according to the denarius, which Diocletian hoped to replace with a new system based on the silver argenteus and its fractions. The argenteus seems to have been set at 100 denarii, the silverwashed nummus at 25 denarii, and the bronze radiate at 4 or 5 denarii. The copper laureate was raised from 1 denarius to 2 denarii. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 204 Publication Date: 2010/08/03 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.47 inches

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