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Last week, September 7th, Brazil celebrated the 186th anniversary of its independence day. Paying homage to the Brazilian culture, we decided to briefly describe the origins, history, symbolism and pantone of the Official Brazil Flag. The flag of Brazil has a green field on which a large yellow rhombus is centered. A blue circle is placed within the rhombus, with white stars of five different sizes and a curved white band running through it. The motto "Ordem e Progresso" ("Order and Progress") is inscribed in capital letters (of the same shade of green as the field) inside the band. It is one of the few national flags that don't have the generally blood-and-war-related colors red or black in any part of their composition.

The modern flag was officially adopted on November 19, 1889. The concept was the work of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, with the collaboration of Miguel Lemos and Manuel Pereira Reis. The design was executed by Décio Vilares. The current national flag and ensign maintains the same design with some minor changes.

History of the Brazilian Flag: Upon the proclamation of the First Republic, one of the leading figures in the process, lawyer and recently-appointed Minister of Finances and Taxation Ruy Barbosa, proposed a design for the national flag that was strongly inspired by the flag of the United States. This flag was used only for 4 days beginning November 15, 1889.

On November 19, 1889 the "Father of the Republic" and an acting president, field marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, vetoed the design, claiming that it was too much of a copy of another country's flag. Fonseca, who had been a royalist all his life and only led the coup that resulted in the proclamation of the Republic because he felt that the Emperor's actions were putting the country's stability in jeopardy, then suggested that the new Republican Flag should resemble the Imperial Flag. The decision was then made to replace only the royal crest with a new design (eventually decided to be the blue globe with the stars and the positivist motto). The objective in doing so was to reassert the continuity of the national unity during the transition from a Constitutional Monarchy to the Republican model. Raimundo Teixeira Mendes' design was presented to president Fonseca and promptly accepted.

Brazil's current flag was inspired by the flag of the former Brazilian Empire. On the imperial flag, the green represented the Imperial House of Braganza of Pedro I Emperror and the yellow represented the Habsburg Imperial Family of Empress Leopoldina, Pedro I's first wife. Thus, green and yellow are the colours of the Families of origin of the first imperial couple, founders of the Brazilian monarchy. The centre of the old imperial flag bore the Imperial Coat of Arms.

On the modern republican flag, the green background represents the forests, the yellow rhombus stands for the mineral wealth, and the blue circle, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depicts the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of November 15, 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared. It is shown as seen from outside of the celestial sphere (i.e. the view is mirrored).

The stars, whose positions in the flag reflect the sky above Rio de Janeiro on November 15, 1889, represent the union's member-states - each star representing a specific state (which is not the case of the stars in the flag of the United States). The number of stars changes with the creation of new states and, since the early days of the republic, has risen from an original 21 stars to the current 27, standing for the 26 states and the Federal District.

The star that represents the Federal District is Sigma Octantis, a star whose position near the south celestial pole makes it visible across almost the whole country, all year round. In addition, given its polar position, all the other stars depicted on the flag trace appear to rotate around Sigma Octantis. Choosing this star to represents Brazil´s Capital, therefore particularly apt (although it is a much fainter star than any of the others).

The motto Ordem e Progresso ("Order and Progress") is inspired by Auguste Comte's motto of positivism: "L'amour pour principe et l'ordre pour base; le progrès pour" but ("Love as a principle and order as the basis; progress as the goal"). It was inserted because several of the people involved in the military coup d'état that deposed the monarchy and proclaimed Brazil a republic were followers of the ideas of Comte's thought.

Stars on the Brazilian Flag: The flag of Brazil contains 27 stars. The constellation of the Southern Cross is on the meridian. To the south of it is Polaris Australis (Sigma Octantis, numbered 7), representing the Federal District. The motto appears on a band roughly coincident with the ecliptic. A single star lies above the band, representing the large northern state of Para, which straddles the Equator.

Regarding the pantone for the Brazil flag, among official sites, there are a couple that give Pantone and/or CMYK values for the "mark" of the Federal Government, used on publications and websites, stating that the colors are to be the same as those used in the national flag. These sources do not agree completely. We then decided to follow the Presidency for the Pantones of the Brazilian Flag:

Green: PMS 355 and CMYK 100-0-100-0

Yellow: PMS Yellow and CMYK 0-10-100-0

Blue: PMS 280 and CMYK 100-70-0-20

We hope our readers were able to grasp a little bit more of the culture and history of Brazil.

Andre Skowronski is the founder Belavista-Rio, a vacation rentals agency and Rio de Janeiro on-line guide. Please visit ---> http://www.belavista-rio.com/blog to find a list of apartments in the best neighborhoods of Rio, as well as several tips on the wonder city at the Belavista-Rio Blog.

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Turgut Reis $79.66 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Turgut Reis (1485 23 June 1565) was a Greek Ottoman Admiral and privateer who also served as as Bey of Algiers; Beylerbey of the Mediterranean; and first Bey, later Pasha, of Tripoli. Under his naval command the Ottoman Empire maritime was extended across North Africa. When Tugut was serving as pasha, he adorned and built up the city of Tripoli, making it one of the most impressive cities along the North African Coast. Known in different languages under such names as Dragut or Darghouth, the original name in Turkey is Turgut Reis (reis meaning captain ) or less commonly Torgut Reis as his name appears in several old Turkish and foreign sources. Several warships of the Turkish Navy and passenger ships have been named after Turgut Reis. Turgut Reis continues to enjoy great fame and respect in Turkey, where the city of his birth is named Turgutreis. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 106 Publication Date: 2010/08/20 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.25 inches

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Oruc Reis $68.51 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Oruc Reis (also called Barbarossa or Redbeard) (Turkish: Aruj or Oruc Reis, Arabic:, Spanish: Arrudye; c. 1474 1518) was a Turkish privateer and Ottoman Bey (Governor) of Algiers and Beylerbey (Chief Governor) of the West Mediterranean. He was born on the Ottoman island of Midilli (Lesbos in todays Greece) and was killed in a battle with the Spaniards at Tlemcen in Ottomancontrolled Algeria. He became known as Baba Aruj or Baba Oruc (Father Aruj) when he transported large numbers of Mudejar refugees from Spain to North Africa; he was known through folk etymology in Europe as Barbarossa (which meant redbeard in Italian). Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 76 Publication Date: 2010/08/23 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.18 inches

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Nando Reis $70.1 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Nando Reis was born in the early sixties to Cecilia Leonel and Jose Carlos Galvao Gomes dos Reis. He was given his prename Jose just like his brothers, Jose Carlos, the oldest of the children, and Jose Luiz (who was deaf), the younger. His two sisters also shared the same prenames: Maria Cecilia, the older, and Maria Luiza, the youngest of the five. His mother was an acoustic guitar teacher and his father was an engineer. Jose Carlos taught him a little bit of Rock n Roll, showing him Rolling Stoness album Between the Buttons. Maria Cecilia taught him to play the acoustic guitar and took him to a show of Gal Costa and Gilberto Gil. He was given his first acoustic guitar by his grandmother, at the age of 7, and was taught his first chords by his sister. However, most of his skills were acquired alone, when he learned songs of Caetano Veloso all by himself. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 76 Publication Date: 2011/01/11 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.18 inches

Murat Reis the Elder $76.47 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Murat Reis the Elder was a Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral. He was born in Rhodes in the early 16th century and died near the coast of Cyprus in 1609. Murat Reis was born in Rhodes at the Aegean Sea, in the early 16th century. His career began when he joined Turgut Reis at a very young age. He also fought alongside Piri Reis in several expeditions. In 1534 Murat Reis accompanied Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha to Istanbul where they were received by Suleiman I and appointed to take command of the Ottoman fleet. While in Istanbul, Murat Reis participated in the construction of new warships at the naval arsenal on the Golden Horn. Author: Cirino Zheng, Zheng/ Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 108 Publication Date: 2010/06/24 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.25 inches

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The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis (Paperback) $22.53 Ricardo Reis was one of the multiple authorial personas ("heteronyms" as he called them) of Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa. Reis, as conceived and embodied by Pessoa, was abstract, detached, and aloof from the problems of reality. In Nobel Laureate Jose Saramago`s novel THE YEAR OF THE DEATH OF RICARDO REIS, he imagines Reis in his middle-age, returning to Lisbon to visit the funeral of Pessoa himself, and attempting not to become involved with the troubling events of the Spanish Civil. A dreamlike, multi-layered metafiction, THE YEAR OF THE DEATH OF RICARDO REIS questions issues of identity, art, and one`s relationship to politics.

Wawi Schoko-Reis Vollmilch $1.49 7,45 EUR / 1kg - Lust auf Luftig-Leichtes? Wawi Schoko-Reis ist Puffreis-Schokolade mit einem hohen Anteil an bek�mmlich, gesundem Reis. Ausgew�hlter Edelkakao aus den besten Anbaugebieten der Welt macht ihn zu einem unvergleichlichen Genuss. Genie�en Sie die extra gro�e Edelvollmilch-Schokolade ohne geh�rtete Pflanzenfette, k�nstliche Aromen und Konservierungsstoffe.

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The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis $3.95 The year: 1936. Europe dances while an invidious dictator establishes himself in Portugal. The city: Lisbon-gray, colorless, chimerical. Ricardo Reis, a doctor and poet, has just come home after sixteen years in Brazil. Translated by Giovanni Pontiero.

Roberto Esser DOS Reis $65.33 Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Roberto Esser dos Reis, Brazilian D.Sc. and ichthyologist. Among other duties, doctor dos Reis has been working at the University of S o Paulo, Brazil, and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. Most of his research as an ichtyologist regards different types of South American catfish; for instance, he is the author of the species Otocinclus cocama, Reis 2004. He is also a member of the Freshwater Fish Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, and advises the IUCN on the biological aspects of the conservation of threatened species. Dr. Reis is an author of over 50 original journal papers, 14 book chapters, and four books. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 72 Publication Date: 2011/03/29 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.02 x 0.17 inches

The Piri Reis Map of 1513 $56.59 One of the most beautiful maps to survive the Great Age of Discoveries, the 1513 world map drawn by Ottoman admiral Piri Reis is also one of the most mysterious. Gregory McIntosh has uncovered new evidence in the map that shows it to be among the most important ever made. This detailed study offers new commentary and explication of a major milestone in cartography. Correcting earlier work of Paul Kahle and pointing out the traps that have caught subsequent scholars, McIntosh disproves the dubious conclusion that the Reis map embodied Columbus's Third Voyage map of 1498, showing that it draws instead on the Second Voyage of 1493-1496. He also refutes the popular misinterpretation that Reis's depictions of Antarctica are evidence of either ancient civilizations or extraterrestrial visitation. McIntosh brings together all that has been previously known about the map and also assembles for the first time the translations of all inscriptions on the map and analyzes all place names given for New World and Atlantic islands. His work clarifies longstanding mysteries and opens up new ways of looking at the history of exploration.

Adult mit Thunfisch & Reis 7,5kg $39.99 Canine Adult Thunfisch und Reis Wenn Ihr Hund am Leben teilnimmt, wie die meisten anderen Hunde, dann braucht er die ausgewogene Ernährung von Science Plan* Canine Adult mit Thunfisch und Reis. Es enthält alle essentiellen Nährstoffe der anderen Science Plan*-Zubereitungen und den unwiderstehlichen Geschmack nach Thunfisch und Reis. Ausgezeichnetes Futter für großartiges Aussehen und Wohlbefinden. &nbsp&nbsp Hauptvorteile&nbsp Science Plan* Adult mit Thunfisch &amp Reis wurde entwickelt, um den Nährstoff- und Energiebedarf ausgewachsener Hunde zwischen einem und sechs Jahren zu decken, deren Besitzer lieber Thunfisch und Reis füttern. Science Plan Adult mit Thunfisch &amp Reis verfügt über die Superior Antioxidant Formula von Hills zur Unterstützung des Immunsystems. Ausgewogene Ernährung und hervorragender Geschmack für ausgewachsene Hunde. Kontrollierter Phosphorgehalt für gesunde Nieren. Sorgt für gesunde Haut und glänzendes Fell. Konserviert mit Vitamin E und Ascorbinsäure. Die leicht verdaulichen Zutaten reduzieren die Kotmenge und senken die Fütterungskosten.&nbsp

Adult mit Thunfisch & Reis 12kg $47.99 Canine Adult Thunfisch und Reis Wenn Ihr Hund am Leben teilnimmt, wie die meisten anderen Hunde, dann braucht er die ausgewogene Ernährung von Science Plan* Canine Adult mit Thunfisch und Reis. Es enthält alle essentiellen Nährstoffe der anderen Science Plan*-Zubereitungen und den unwiderstehlichen Geschmack nach Thunfisch und Reis. Ausgezeichnetes Futter für großartiges Aussehen und Wohlbefinden. &nbsp&nbsp Hauptvorteile&nbsp Science Plan* Adult mit Thunfisch &amp Reis wurde entwickelt, um den Nährstoff- und Energiebedarf ausgewachsener Hunde zwischen einem und sechs Jahren zu decken, deren Besitzer lieber Thunfisch und Reis füttern. Science Plan Adult mit Thunfisch &amp Reis verfügt über die Superior Antioxidant Formula von Hills zur Unterstützung des Immunsystems. Ausgewogene Ernährung und hervorragender Geschmack für ausgewachsene Hunde. Kontrollierter Phosphorgehalt für gesunde Nieren. Sorgt für gesunde Haut und glänzendes Fell. Konserviert mit Vitamin E und Ascorbinsäure. Die leicht verdaulichen Zutaten reduzieren die Kotmenge und senken die Fütterungskosten.&nbsp

Adult mit Lamm & Reis 3kg $16.99 Canine Adult mit Lamm und Reis Wenn Ihr Hund am Leben teilnimmt, wie die meisten anderen Hunde, dann braucht er die ausgewogene Ernährung von Science Plan* Canine Adult mit Lamm und Reis. Es enthält alle essentiellen Nährstoffe der anderen Science Plan-Zubereitungen und den unwiderstehlichen Geschmack nach Lamm und Reis. Ausgezeichnetes Futter für großartiges Aussehen und Wohlbefinden.&nbsp &nbsp&nbsp Hauptvorteile&nbsp Science Plan Adult mit Lamm &amp Reis wurde entwickelt, um den Nährstoff- und Energiebedarf ausgewachsener Hunde zwischen einem und sechs Jahren zu decken, deren Besitzer lieber Lamm und Reis füttern wollen. Science Plan Adult mit Lamm &amp Reis verfügt über die Superior Antioxidant Formula von Hills zur Unterstützung des Immunsystems. Ausgewogene Ernährung und ein hervorragender Geschmack für ausgewachsene Hunde. Kontrollierter Phosphorgehalt für gesunde Nieren. Sorgt für gesunde Haut und glänzendes Fell. Konserviert mit Vitamin E und Ascorbinsäure. Die leicht verdaulichen Zutaten reduzieren die Kotmenge und senken die Fütterungskosten.&nbsp

Adult mit Lamm & Reis 7,5kg $39.99 Canine Adult mit Lamm und Reis Wenn Ihr Hund am Leben teilnimmt, wie die meisten anderen Hunde, dann braucht er die ausgewogene Ernährung von Science Plan* Canine Adult mit Lamm und Reis. Es enthält alle essentiellen Nährstoffe der anderen Science Plan-Zubereitungen und den unwiderstehlichen Geschmack nach Lamm und Reis. Ausgezeichnetes Futter für großartiges Aussehen und Wohlbefinden.&nbsp &nbsp&nbsp Hauptvorteile&nbsp Science Plan Adult mit Lamm &amp Reis wurde entwickelt, um den Nährstoff- und Energiebedarf ausgewachsener Hunde zwischen einem und sechs Jahren zu decken, deren Besitzer lieber Lamm und Reis füttern wollen. Science Plan Adult mit Lamm &amp Reis verfügt über die Superior Antioxidant Formula von Hills zur Unterstützung des Immunsystems. Ausgewogene Ernährung und ein hervorragender Geschmack für ausgewachsene Hunde. Kontrollierter Phosphorgehalt für gesunde Nieren. Sorgt für gesunde Haut und glänzendes Fell. Konserviert mit Vitamin E und Ascorbinsäure. Die leicht verdaulichen Zutaten reduzieren die Kotmenge und senken die Fütterungskosten.&nbsp

Adult mit Lamm & Reis 12kg $47.99 Canine Adult mit Lamm und Reis Wenn Ihr Hund am Leben teilnimmt, wie die meisten anderen Hunde, dann braucht er die ausgewogene Ernährung von Science Plan* Canine Adult mit Lamm und Reis. Es enthält alle essentiellen Nährstoffe der anderen Science Plan-Zubereitungen und den unwiderstehlichen Geschmack nach Lamm und Reis. Ausgezeichnetes Futter für großartiges Aussehen und Wohlbefinden.&nbsp &nbsp&nbsp Hauptvorteile&nbsp Science Plan Adult mit Lamm &amp Reis wurde entwickelt, um den Nährstoff- und Energiebedarf ausgewachsener Hunde zwischen einem und sechs Jahren zu decken, deren Besitzer lieber Lamm und Reis füttern wollen. Science Plan Adult mit Lamm &amp Reis verfügt über die Superior Antioxidant Formula von Hills zur Unterstützung des Immunsystems. Ausgewogene Ernährung und ein hervorragender Geschmack für ausgewachsene Hunde. Kontrollierter Phosphorgehalt für gesunde Nieren. Sorgt für gesunde Haut und glänzendes Fell. Konserviert mit Vitamin E und Ascorbinsäure. Die leicht verdaulichen Zutaten reduzieren die Kotmenge und senken die Fütterungskosten.&nbsp

Adult mit Thunfisch & Reis 3kg $16.99 Canine Adult Thunfisch und Reis Wenn Ihr Hund am Leben teilnimmt, wie die meisten anderen Hunde, dann braucht er die ausgewogene Ernährung von Science Plan* Canine Adult mit Thunfisch und Reis. Es enthält alle essentiellen Nährstoffe der anderen Science Plan*-Zubereitungen und den unwiderstehlichen Geschmack nach Thunfisch und Reis. Ausgezeichnetes Futter für großartiges Aussehen und Wohlbefinden. Hauptvorteile Science Plan* Adult mit Thunfisch & Reis wurde entwickelt, um den Nährstoff- und Energiebedarf ausgewachsener Hunde zwischen einem und sechs Jahren zu decken, deren Besitzer lieber Thunfisch und Reis füttern.Science Plan Adult mit Thunfisch & Reis verfügt über die Superior Antioxidant Formula von Hills zur Unterstützung des Immunsystems.Ausgewogene Ernährung und hervorragender Geschmack für ausgewachsene Hunde.Kontrollierter Phosphorgehalt für gesunde Nieren.Sorgt für gesunde Haut und glänzendes Fell.Konserviert mit Vitamin E und Ascorbinsäure.Die leicht verdaulichen Zutaten reduzieren die Kotmenge und senken die Fütterungskosten.

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