Tom Luxsox Coins

Plain Lincoln

Slavery and the Civil War

Although the southern states that seceded from the Union at the outset of the Civil War often claimed that "states rights" was the issue that resulted in secession, it was a thin argument; the truth was that the South, dependent since colonial times on slave labor, felt the North's growing dissatisfaction with the slave situation in the South as a threat, a threat both to their livelihoods and their way of life.

The issue of slavery did not suddenly begin to be problematic with the election of anti-slavery President Abraham Lincoln in 1859. As each state was admitted to the Union, a battle raged about whether or not it would be a free or slave state (despite the fact that slavery was actually legal in the United States from 1654 until 1865), as the precarious balance of free and slave states determined which section would dominate Congress.

The beginning of end of slavery actually began around the time of the American Revolution, when many white persons were still in the country as indentured servant and even as slaves. Between 1780 and 1804, nearly all Northern states passed emancipation laws that freed slaves - regardless of color - and granted African slaves limited rights.

The Southern states, had however, a much more compelling need for slave labor. While states on the northern edge of the Southern region had lesser need for slaves, Eli Whitney's cotton gin had made the cultivation of cotton in the rich soil of the Deep South and Delta plains lucrative; however, it was also backbreaking work that required many hands. Rice plantations in the coastal areas required African labor due to the fact that most African slaves were immune to the malaria that made working in rice fields a dangerous job for whites and even some Africans who had no immunity. By 1860, over three-quarters of the slaves held in the United States were held in the cotton and rice producing states of the Deep South.

Slavery created an insular, almost delusional society in the South. Southerners defended their "peculiar institution" on the basis that African-American slaves would not be able to fend for themselves if freed, and, in fact, would not want to be freed. They declaimed their fraternal love for their slaves, all the while glossing over the harsh realities of the slave trade, the slaves who were beaten into submission, and railed against Northern abolitionists who refused to uphold the Fugitive Slave Act, which required that any runaway slave be returned to his or her owner.

Not surprisingly, the states in the Deep South that held the most slaves - South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas - were the first to secede after the election of Lincoln to the presidency. Lincoln had made no secret of his distaste for slavery, and these states knew that abolition of slavery would be financially disastrous for the plantations that were the backbone of their states. Also not surprising was that the states with the fewest slaves - such as North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee - were late to secession. Border states like Kentucky and Missouri, who had areas that relied heavily on slavery and areas where few or no slaves were held at all, were contested throughout the war, claimed by both the Union and the Confederacy.

Virginia actually split over the decision to secede; the northwestern counties of the state refused to secede and broke away to become West Virginia.

After the creation of the Confederate States of America and the beginning of the Civil War, hundreds of thousands of slaves began to escape to the North from the border states; however, little changed in the slaveholding states in the Deep South until the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. Although Lincoln's proclamation in essence freed all slaves in the United States, the Confederacy naturally refused to honor the proclamation, and slaves in the South were not freed until reached by Union troops. In some areas, this took until the end of the war, when the Federal occupation of the South removed most Southern politicians from power.

While the desire to preserve the Union on the Northern side, and the desire to uphold their own laws on the Southern side no doubt contributed to the Civil War, it is indisputable that the need would never have arose had the issue of slavery not split the two regions in two. As Lincoln said during his campaign for the presidency, "a house divided against itself cannot stand."

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Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln (1912) $28.45 PERSONAL TRAITS OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN Ref, PREFACE WHEN my father began collecting material to be used in his joint work with John Hay, c Abraham Lincoln A History, he put certain things into an envelope marked Personal Traits, mean ing to make a chapter with that heading. As the work grew the items gathered under that head overflowed from one envelope into many and at the same time it became manifest that a chapter with such a title would be out of place. Inci dents illustrating Mr. Lincolns personal traits found their rightful place elsewhere and the authors argued that if the work as a whole did not reflect his character, it was labor lost. PREFACE The envelopes, bursting with their load, were put aside. My father meant at some future time, to make of the material thus collected, a smaller and more intimate vol ume. More pressing literary tasks, and failing health, interfered. Unfortunately, first-hand knowledge, that could take those miscellaneous notes, personal jottings, private letters, and newspaper clippings, unrelated as the col ors on a painters palette, and blend them into an absolutely satisfactory portrait, is not a kind of knowledge to be in herited even by a daughter who grew up in an atmosphere of devotion to Lin coln, and who, even in childhood was ac corded the privilege of helping, in so far as she was able, with the details of the History. That experience, however seems to put upon her a certain obligation to use these P REF ACE notes, while it does not lessen her sense of the perils of the task. It is a case, indeed, where duty and something very like pre sumption go hand in hand. She wishes to make acknowledgment to Mr. Robert Lincoln for his personal kind ness inhelp and advice and also to the authors whose painstaking research has brought to light new letters and material since Abraham Lincoln A History, was published. Washington, Z. ., May SI, 191. CONTENTS PAGK I THE MAN-AND His NATURE . . . 3 II LINCOLNS ANECDOTES AND SIMILES . 1 III His DEVELOPING POWER 36 IV THE START IN LIFE 63 V THE EIGHTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT . . 79 VI LINCOLNS ATTITUDE TOWARD MONEY 97 VII A NEW CANDIDATE 117 VIII THE CAMPAIGN SUMMER .... 134 IX THE JOURNEY TO WASHINGTON . .151 X B VERY-DAY LIFE AT THE WHITE HOUSE 173 XI PRESIDENT LINCOLN, His WIFE AND CHILDREN 198 XII THOSE IN AUTHORITY 234 XIII DAILY RECEPTIONS OF THE PLAIN PEOPLE 257 XIV THE MEMORANDUM OF AUGUST TWENTY-THIRD 289 XV His FORGIVING SPIRIT 315 XVI His REASON AND His HEART ... 337 XVII LINCOLN THE WRITER 359 XVIII HWJ MORAL Fzww 377 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE Party accompanying Lincoln on the Journey from Springfield to Washington .... 154 Handbill used on Lincolns Journey to Wash ington 168 Autograph Text of Address to Foreign En voys 176 Presidents Note about a Post-office Appoint ment, with Montgomery Blairs Endorsement 186 Two Characteristic Endorsements, and a Call to a Special Cabinet Meeting .... 190 A Presidential Tea Party 206 Autograph Text of Lincolns Rebuke to His Cabine

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