Tom Luxsox Coins

Error Coin

Your average numismatist may or may not indulge in coin collecting.

One could also say on the other side of the coin a person who spends their time collecting coins could or could not be a numismatist. The hobby of coin collecting can be traced back to the fourteenth century and some have even said the Roman emperors were known to have coin collections but it really is not known if it was a genuine hobby or if they may just have been hoarding the coins!

The hoarding of coins goes back to the very beginning of coinage where people kept them for the coin's value and coin collecting later developed and is known as the "Hobby of Kings" as well.

Because of the number of coins that have been minted throughout history are so vast no coin collector could ever hope to collect a sample of every coin produced. Probably King Farouk of Egypt, with the vast resources he had access to may have had the largest and most spectacular general collection in the world during the mid twentieth century.

Also because of the vast range of coins on this planet two types of coin collecting have emerged - the generalist who collects a bit of everything in the way of coins and the completists, who wants to have an example of everything within a certain range of coins. The only collector known thus far to have assembled the complete set of known US coins is Louis Eliasberg.

Coin collecting could be divided into the following specialty areas or collections:

Country Collections are where coin collectors obtain examples from every country that issues coins but these could also be collectors who try collecting every coin from a certain country - normally their own

Year Collections is coin collecting of certain type of coin from a certain year or trying to collect a certain type of coin from all the years that coin was minted.

Mintmark Collections apply to coin collecting of coins produced by different mints that carry their distinct mark on their coins. Some mintmarks are rarer than others and this is what makes collecting different mintmarks exciting for collectors.

Variety Collections are coin collecting of the same coin produced from different dies and these collections are commoner among old coins that could come from hand carved dies.

Error Collections are collecting of coins with errors in them but since the 19th century when production methods were refined, this has become rarer today. Even in this day and age errors such as over-dates, re-punched mint marks, double strikes and off center coins do happen. Coins that carry different denominations on their two sides are known as mules.

Coin collecting under certain Subjects and only of a certain Period in history are also very popular themes as well as coins making up Composition Collections. These are collections of coins made from certain materials like gold, silver and platinum but not only limited the precious metals.

Coin collecting may be taken up for investment purposes too but again be warned in that certain coins could lose their value over time. As already stated you don't have to be a numismatist to undertake coin collecting but it wouldn't hurt and you defiantly must be passionate about this form of collecting.

Michael Russell Your Independent guide to Coin Collecting

Error $9.99 Error

The 100 Greatest U.S. Error Coins $28.13 The latest entry in Whitman's "100 Greatest" collection, 100 Greatest U.S. Error Coins is a beautifully illustrated coffee-table book that explores one of the hobby's hottest collectible fields. Expert dealers, collectors, researchers, and historians have all weighed in on their opinions of the 100 all-time greatest examples of American coinage errors. The rarities, the classics, and the intriguing "how'd that happen?" specimens are here---and some interesting surprises, too. Authors Nicholas Brown, David Camire, and Fred Weinberg are three of the nation's most famous error-coin specialists, and they open the doors to the U.S. Mint to show you how and why error coins occur. With an engaging introduction by Q. David Bowers; plus full-color, high-resolution photos; and historical and current market values, 100 Greatest U.S. Error Coins will delight collectors and non-collectors alike

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Quantization Error $54.86 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles In source coding (analogtodigital conversion and compression), the quantization error is the difference between the actual analog value and quantized digital value due is called quantization error. This error is due either to rounding or truncation. The error is sometimes considered as an additional random signal called quantization noise. Quantization noise is a model of quantization error introduced by quantization in the analogtodigital conversion (ADe in telecommunication systems and signal processing. It is a rounding error between the analog input voltage to the ADC and the output digitized value. The noise is nonlinear and signaldependent. It can be modelled in several different ways. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Timpledon, Miriam T./ Marseken, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 72 Publication Date: 2010/06/21 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.17 inches

C2 Error $71.7 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles A C2 error is a read error of a compact disc. C2 errors can be to a degree recovered by the hardware error detection and correction scheme. A CD drive can have extraction errors when the data on the disc is not readable due to scratches or smudges. The drive can compensate by supplying a best guess of what the missing data was, then supplying the missing data. C2 error correction is an analysis over many interleaved frames, an improvement over C1 error correction, which analyzed just one frame, resulting in more accurate data correction. C2 error correction codes are also used by the Digital Audio Tape (DAT) format. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 92 Publication Date: 2010/12/04 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.22 inches

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Error Message $116.3 Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. An error message is information displayed when an unexpected condition occurs, usually on a computer or other device. On modern operating systems with graphical user interfaces, error messages are often displayed using dialog boxes. Error messages are used when user intervention is required, to indicate that a desired operation has failed, or to relay important warnings (such as warning a computer user that they are almost out of hard disk space). Error messages are seen widely throughout computing, and are part of every operating system or computer hardware device. Proper design of error messages is an important topic in usability and other fields of humancomputer interaction. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 184 Publication Date: 2011/02/14 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.02 x 0.42 inches

RoundOff Error $70.1 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles A roundoff error, also called rounding error, is the difference between the calculated approximation of a number and its exact mathematical value. Numerical analysis specifically tries to estimate this error when using approximation equations and/or algorithms, especially when using finite digits to represent real numbers (which in theory have infinite digits). This is a form of quantization error. When a sequence of calculations subject to rounding error are made, errors may accumulate in certain cases known as illconditioned, sometimes to such an extent as to dominate the calculation and make the result meaningless. Increasing the number of digits allowed in a representation reduces the magnitude of possible roundoff errors, but any representation limited to finitely many digits will still cause some degree of roundoff error for uncountably many real numbers. This kind of error is unavoidable for conventional representations of numbers, but can be reduced by the use of guard digits. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 102 Publication Date: 2010/08/15 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.00 x 0.24 inches

ANotB Error $79.66 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles AnotB error (also known as stage 4 error or perseverative error ) is a phenomenon uncovered by the work of Jean Piaget in his theory of cognitive development of children. The AnotB error is a particular error made by young children during substage 4 of their sensorimotor stage. A typical task goes like this: An experimenter hides an attractive toy under box A within the babys reach. The baby searches for the toy, looks under box A, and finds the toy. This activity is usually repeated several times (always with the researcher hiding the toy under box A ). Then, in the critical trial, the experimenter moves the toy under box B, also within easy reach of the baby. Babies of 10months or younger typically make the perseverance error, meaning they look under box A even though they saw the researcher move the toy under box B, and box B is just as easy to reach. This demonstrates a lack of, or incomplete, schema of object permanence. Children of 12months or older typically do not make this error. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 106 Publication Date: 2010/08/19 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.00 x 0.25 inches

Probability of Error $71.7 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles In statistics, the term error arises in two ways. Firstly, it arises in the context of decision making, where the probability of error may be considered as being the probability of making a wrong decision and which would have a different value for each type of error. Secondly, it arises in the context of statistical modelling (for example regression) where the models predicted value may be in error regarding the observed outcome and where the term probability of error may refer to the probabilities of various amounts of error occurring. In hypothesis testing in statistics, two types of error are distinguished. Type I errors which consist of rejecting a null hypothesis that is true; this amounts to a false positive result. Type II errors which consist of failing to reject a null hypothesis that is false; this amounts to a false negative result. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 92 Publication Date: 2010/11/26 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.22 inches

Measurement Error $134.95 The conference, 'Measurement Error: Econometrics and Practice' was recently hosted by Aston University and organised jointly by researchers from Aston University and Lund University to highlight the enormous problems caused by measurement error in Economic and Financial data which often go largely unnoticed. Thanks to the sponsorship from Eurostat, a number of distinguished researchers were invited to present keynote lectures. Professor Arnold Zellner from University of Chicago shared his knowledge on measurement error in general; Professor William Barnett from the University of Kansas gave a lecture on implications of measurement error on monetary policy, whilst Dennis Fixler shared his knowledge on how statistical agencies deal with measurement errors. This volume is the result of the selection of high-quality papers presented at the conference and is designed to draw attention to the enormous problem in econometrics of measurement error in data provided by the worlds leading statistical agencies; highlighting consequences of data error and offering solutions to deal with such problems. This volume should appeal to economists, financial analysts and practitioners interested in studying and solving economic problems and building econometric models in everyday operations.