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Frederick II of Prussia (1712-86), commonly known as Frederick the Great, was King of Prussia and one of that country's greatest rulers. He had a multi-faceted personality, being a great statesman, a military commander, a writer, a musician, and a social reformer.

The Statesman and Military Leader

When Frederick the Great was born, Austria was the leading power in the German-speaking area of Europe. Frederick opposed Austria' s overbearing power. He had ambitious plans for Prussia: he thought it should increase its military influence and economic power and become the leading German-speaking state.

In 1740 Frederick reactivated Prussia's old claims to the Austrian province of Silesia. When this claim was rejected by Austria's ruler, the Empress Maria Theresa, Frederick seized Silesia. This move upset Maria Theresa and helped provoke the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48). and the Seven Years' War (1756-63).

With Frederick's outstanding skills as a military commander, some good luck and much effort, Prussia ended up not only keeping Silesia but also ended up, in 1772, taking part of Poland.

By the time that Frederick died, Prussia comprised twice the surface area than it had at the time of his birth.

Frederick the Great fostered the growth of a strong economy in Prussia, by encouraging modernization and greater efficiencies in both Prussian agriculture and industry. This development, combined with the fact that Frederick managed to wage his wars without incurring debt, brought much prosperity to the country.

With its enlarged geographical area, its larger army (having 195,000 soldiers by 1786) and its strong economy, Prussia not only prevailed over its rival, Austria, and became the largest and most powerful of the German states, but it ended up during Frederick's reign as a leading European power.

The Man of Culture

Unlike his rigidly militaristic and Calvinist father, Frederick William I, Frederick the Great (Frederick II) was interested in culture and in the ideas of the Enlightenment, particularly the ideas of the French philosophes (philosophers) such as Voltaire.

Frederick played and composed music. He played the flute very well (there is a famous painting by Adolph von Menzel of Frederick playing a flute in the music room of his palace, Sanssouci) and some of his musical compositions are still played today.

He read French literature and wrote poetry. He corresponded with French writers and Enlightenment philosophers such as Voltaire (the latter visited Frederick in Berlin in 1750) and studied their works.

A famous observation written by Frederick in a letter to Voltaire dated March 18, 1771 has been preserved and says: "Drive out prejudices through the door, and they will return through the window."

Frederick wrote a great deal - always in French - on politics, history and military science. His works have been published in 33 volumes.

Frederick was a patron of architecture and had many wonderful buildings constructed in Berlin. These buildings, including such gems as the Berlin State Opera, mostly still exist today.

Frederick also constructed a beautiful summer palace named Sanssouci (French for "carefree" or "without worry") at nearby Potsdam. This palace is the best example of the Northern German Roccoco style of architecture. The palace and gardens of Sanssouci, often seen as the Prussian equivalent of the Palace of Versailles, were placed on the United Nations list of World Heritage Sites in 1990.

The Social Reformer

Frederick the Great increased freedom of speech and promoted freedom of religion. He improved the efficiency and honesty of government administration. He abolished torture and corporal punishment. Serfdom, however, was not abolished.

Enlightened Despotism

Frederick's form of government is what we call enlightened despotism or benevolent despotism (that is, the country was ruled by an absolute monarch, but one who tried to rule his people justly, rather than according to his own selfish whims and desires).

Frederick is reported to have described this type of government as follows:

"My people and I have come to an agreement which satisfies us both. They are to say what they please, and I am to do what I please."

For further information on Frederick the Great and his achievements, read the article at http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/F/FRE/frederick-ii-the-great.html

This article includes the 1852 painting by Adolph von Menzel showing Frederick playing the flute in his music room at the summer palace, Sanssouci.

It also includes a portrait of Frederick at the age of 68 (painted by Anton Graff).

David Paul Wagner writes on history, politics and current affairs.

Immortal Austria? $64.4 Immortal Austria was the title of a theatrical pageant devised by Austrian refugees in wartime London, the name summarizing their collective memory of their homeland as a country of mountain scenery, historical grandeur and musical refinement. The reality of the country they had left, and the one to which some of them returned, was very different. This volume contains various studies of the representations of their homeland in the cultural production of Austrian exiles, including those projected by émigrés working in the British film industry, those portrayed in the historical novel and in the literary works of such notable authors as Stefan Zweig, Elias Canetti and Robert Neumann. It opens with a survey of the make-up of the Austrian exile community and concludes with a study of attitudes to returning exiles, as reflected in the post-war literary journals. The volume thus offers students and teachers a vital cultural link between the pre-1934 Austria of the First Republic and the post-1945 Austria of the Second.

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Concise History of Austria $36.45 For a small, prosperous country in the middle of Europe, modern Austria has a very large and complex history, extending far beyond its current borders. Today`s Austrians have a problematic relationship with that history, whether with the multi-national history of the Habsburg Monarchy, or with the time between 1938 and 1945 when Austrians were Germans in Hitler`s Third Reich. Steven Beller`s gripping and comprehensive account traces the remarkable career of Austria through its many transformations, from German borderland, to dynastic enterprise, imperial house, Central European great power, failed Alpine republic, German province, and then successful Alpine republic, building up a picture of the layers of Austrian identity and heritage and their diverse sources. It is a story full of anomalies and ironies, a case study of the other side of European history, without the easy answers of more clearly national narratives, and hence far more relevant to today`s world.

A Concise History of Austria (Hardcover) $223.08 For a small, prosperous country in the middle of Europe, modern Austria has a very large and complex history, extending far beyond its current borders. Today`s Austrians have a problematic relationship with that history, whether with the multi-national history of the Habsburg Monarchy, or with the time between 1938 and 1945 when Austrians were Germans in Hitler`s Third Reich. Steven Beller`s gripping and comprehensive account traces the remarkable career of Austria through its many transformations, from German borderland, to dynastic enterprise, imperial house, Central European great power, failed Alpine republic, German province, and then successful Alpine republic, building up a picture of the layers of Austrian identity and heritage and their diverse sources. It is a story full of anomalies and ironies, a case study of the other side of European history, without the easy answers of more clearly national narratives, and hence far more relevant to today`s world.

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Welfare and Education Austria Sweden in Comparison $29.09 Scholary Paper aus dem Jahr 2000 im Fachbereich Politik Pol. Systeme Allgemeines und Vergleiche, einseitig bedruckt, Note: very good, G teborgs Universitet (Department of Political Science), Veranstaltung: Course: Swedish politics in a comparative perspective, 11 Eintragungen im Literaturverzeichnis, Sprache: Englisch, Abstract: The paper compares the student income situation and state support programmes to students in Austria and Sweden.The first part will give a brief overview about the higher education systems in both countries, focusing on aspects that influence study behavior and study durations, summarizing will summarize major commonalities and differences. The second part will compare the study support systems of both countries and their influence on the study behaviour. The final part concludes. Author: Paster, Thomas Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 56 Publication Date: 2007/07/20 Language: English Dimensions: 8.27 x 5.83 x 0.13 inches

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Music in EighteenthCentury Austria $100.37 The music of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven forms a cornerstone of the modern repertoire, but very little is known about the context in which these composers worked. Beginning with the early decades of the eighteenth century, the essays in this volume consider some of the musical traditions and practices of this little understood period of music history. Four main areas are covered: orchestral music, sacred music, opera and keyboard music. Author: Jones, David Wyn Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 304 Publication Date: 2006/11/02 Language: English Dimensions: 6.69 x 9.60 x 0.63 inches

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